Various - Troubadours Vol.3, Folk And The Roots Of American Music (3-CD)

Deutschsprachige Ausgabe: BCD17227

3-CD Digipak mit 112-seitigem Booklet, 63 Einzeltitel. Gesamtspieldauer ca. 233 Minuten

Along with folklorist Alan Lomax, Pete Seeger was a primary figure in seeding and shaping the American folk music revival. He never viewed himself as an entertainer, nor was he particularly comfortable as a solo performer. Yet his evangelical zeal for folk music and progressive social change inspired and nurtured three generations of singer-songwriters.

Born May 3, 1919 in New York City, Pete Seeger was the third and youngest son of Charles and Constance Seeger, instructors at the New York Institute of Musical Art. The couple divorced when Peter was eight years old. In 1932 Charles married his student, Ruth Crawford, now hailed as a major 20th century composer. The couple had four children; of them, Mike and Peggy Seeger also became significant figures in American folk music.

In summer 1936, Charles and Ruth took the 17-year-old Peter to the 'Mountain Dance And Folk Festival' near Asheville, North Carolina. The youth was fascinated by the square dances and especially Bascom Lamar Lunsford's and Samantha Bumgarner's driving five-string banjo styles. Seeger spent the next five years perfecting his own banjo technique.

After dropping out of Harvard University, Seeger became involved with folk music, labor organizing and politics. Alan Lomax encouraged the youth, hiring him to catalog race and old-time music recordings held by the Archive of American Folk Song in the Library of Congress. As Seeger's confidence and musical skills grew, Lomax invited him to participate on his CBS radio show. In March 1940 Seeger met balladeer Woody Guthrie at a New York fundraiser for displaced migrant workers.

In January 1941 Seeger, Lee Hays and Millard Lampell formed the Almanac Singers, performing folk songs and incisive topical songs at meetings, private functions, and labor rallies. Singing in natural, unaffected voices and driven by Seeger's clawhammer banjo, the Almanacs fused the essence and excitement of rural Southern string bands with the passion of labor songs and the dry, clever wit of New York's cabaret entertainers. This appealing music hybrid defined the sound and style of the American folk revival, and their records inspired a generation of young musicians. During the group's brief existence, the Almanac Singers' revolving roster included Woody Guthrie, Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Josh White, Bess Lomax Hawes and Agnes 'Sis' Cunningham.

While serving in the army during World War II, Seeger envisioned a national movement unifying songwriters, performers, choral leaders and labor unions into a force for political and social change. After returning to New York in fall 1945, Seeger formed People's Songs. Initially drawing upon members of New York's leftist folk, theatrical and literary scenes, the organization soon opened offices in Los Angeles, Chicago and Cleveland. Two years after its founding, 2,000 folk music enthusiasts attended People's Songs' first national convention in New York.

However, People's Songs emerged as anti-Communist fervor grasped America. Many activists within the movement were or had been members of the American Communist Party. In 1948, People's Songs embraced the third-party Presidential bid of former Vice-President Henry Wallace, who advocated co-operation with the Soviet Union. Members who mistrusted the Communists broke away from the movement, while those who remained – particularly Seeger – became easy targets for right-wing zealots.

The Wallace campaign bankrupted People's Songs. To pay off its debts, the remaining activists held a fund-raising hootenanny at a New York theater in late November 1948. To accompany a folk dance ensemble, Seeger recruited guitarist Fred Hellerman, his old Almanac Singers vocalist and song leader Lee Hays, and contralto Ronnie Gilbert. The quartet clicked musically and further rehearsals refined their sound. Although they had no long-range professional aspirations, the group performed at labor functions, political rallies and on Oscar Brand's WNYC radio show, eventually adopting the name The Weavers. In December 1949 the group reluctantly accepted a week-long engagement at the Village Vanguard, a popular lower Manhattan cabaret. The response led owner Max Gordon to extend the booking through June. , Orchestra leader Gordon Jenkins caught the Weavers at the Vanguard and brokered a Decca recording contract. Their first record with Jenkins, Goodnight, Irene backed with Tzena, Tzena, Tzena, unexpectedly became 1950's biggest hit.

As their visibility rose, so did the ire of the watchdogs on the right. Harvey Matuso, a former People's Songs volunteer who fancied himself as a master of espionage, warned the FBI about the Weavers' Communist affiliations. 'Red Channels' cited Seeger for 13 Communist affiliations. Television appearances were cancelled when callers threatened sponsors with boycotts. The Knights of Columbus forced the Ohio State Fair to pull the Weavers' booking; the incident received national publicity. American Legion posts in various cities harassed nightclub owners that booked the Weavers. With each new Decca release, airplay dwindled. By 1952 the group formally disbanded, although it reunited sporadically for concerts after 1955.

Seeger resumed his solo performances, primarily in front of appreciative college audiences. He remained a target of right-wing super patriots. On August 18, 1955, Seeger was subpoenaed to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee. A polite but hostile witness, he refused to answer questions about his personal and political associations. His stance led to a March 26, 1957, indictment for contempt of Congress. For the next five years Seeger was obligated to notify the federal government whenever he left the Southern District of New York. In March 1961 a jury found Seeger guilty and he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. The first four tracks in this collection were recorded during this period of uncertainty.

Oh, Had I A Golden Thread appeared on Seeger's 1960 Folkways collection 'Rainbow Quest.' Seeger later used it as the theme for his mid-'60s public television series. That album also yielded one of Seeger's best-loved songs, Where Have All The Flowers Gone. He wrote it in October 1955, basing it on three lines from a Ukrainian folksong Mikhail Sholokhov quoted in his 1934 novel 'And Quiet Flows The Don.' He introduced his three-verse version at an Oberlin College concert, sang it for about a year, then set it aside until he recorded it in 1959.

Joe Hickerson, later director of the Archive of Folk Song at the American Folklife Center of the Library of Congress, attended that Oberlin concert. Hickerson was an Indiana University folklore student in early 1960 when Folkways released Seeger's 'Rainbow Quest' album. He began singing Where Have All The Flowers Gone around Bloomington coffeehouses and hootenannies. Feeling the song was too short for audience participation, Hickerson wrote two additional verses followed by a repeat of the first verse. He introduced his expanded circular version the following summer at Camp Woodland, a progressive youth camp in New York's Catskill Mountains. At the end of the season, the staff and campers brought the song to New York City, where Peter Yarrow, Noel Stookey and Mary Travers learned it for their first album as Peter, Paul and Mary. The Kingston Trio learned it from them, beating them in the marketplace with a quickly recorded single.

Troubadours

Die Geschichte der US-amerikanischen Singer-Songwriter

Jackson Browne, Bob Dylan, Carole King, Joni Mitchell und James Taylor werden meist als Begründer der zeitgenössischen Singer-Songwriter-Bewegung in Amerika angeführt. Die amerikanische Tradition der Liedermacher reicht jedoch bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zurück. Sie ist tief verwurzelt in anglo-keltischen Balladen, protestantischen Erweckungsliedern, in afroamerikanischen Spirituals und Work Songs, sowie den Minstrel- und Medicine-Shows. Weiterhin lieferten die englischen und amerikanischen Romantiker des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts Ideen und Rollenmodelle für viele Songwriter der Gegenwart.

Die Erfahrungen und die Energie einer jungen zusammengewürfelten Nation auf der Suche nach Identität, lieferten den kulturellen Hintergrund für eine reichhaltige Folklore. Bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs waren die USA eigentlich eine Agrarnation mit streckenweise sehr dünner Besiedelung. Folksongs waren allgegenwärtiger Bestandteil des täglichen Lebens. Sie erleichterten nicht nur Einsamkeit, monotone Arbeit und boten Entspannung bei einem eher kurzen Feierabend, sondern vermittelten auch Nachrichten, sowie soziale und religiöse Normen in entlegene Gegenden. Weiterhin half die starke Verknüpfung von Folklore und Alltag bei der Bildung einer eigenen amerikanischen Stimme, als neuer Variante der englischen Sprache. Im späteren 19. Jahrhundert begannen einzelne Vorreiter, den Folk-Pool für kommerzielle und politische Zwecke zu nutzen. Wahre Pionierarbeit lieferte zum Beispiel die Hutchison Family aus Milford, New Hampshire. Sie ging mit kirchlichen und weltlichen Liedern auf Tournee durch die Vereinigten Staaten und lieferte oft musikalische Rahmenprogramme für populistische Versammlungen. In den Jahren vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg gestalteten die linken Aktivisten Joe Hill und Ralph Chaplin aus traditionellem Liedgut und Kirchenliedern sarkastische Hymnen für die Industrial Workers of the World.

Der aus Virginia stammende Bentley Ball veranstaltete während der frühen Zwanzigerjahre Liederabende mit Balladen aus den Appalachen, Cowboyliedern und sogar Musikbeispielen einiger Stämme der Ureinwohner Amerikas vor einem faszinierten städtischen Publikum. Von 1918 bis 1920 machte er als erster Aufnahmen von Folk-Standards wie Jesse James und The Dying Cowboy. Marion Try Slaughter, ein in Texas geborener Operetten Sänger, der unter dem Namen Vernon Dalhart auftrat, nahm vier Jahr später Fassungen von The Wreck Of The Southern 97 und The Prisoner's Song auf, die einen neuen Umgang mit altem Material einläuteten. Obwohl keineswegs authentisch, erreichten sie das Ohr der Öffentlichkeit und verkauften sich mehrere hunderttausend Mal.